Logical Data Independence
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Physical Data Independence
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Ability
to change the logical (conceptual) schema without changing the external
schema(user view)
|
Ability
to change the physical schema without changing the logical schema
|
Modification
is necessary whenever the logical structure of the database is altered
|
Modification
are rarely done, as it is done to improve the performance of the database
|
It
means we will be able to change the logical schema of the database without
effecting the view level.
|
It
means we will be able change the physical storage without affecting the
logical level or view level.
|
It
is more difficult to achieve.
|
It
is relatively easy to achieve.
|
For
example: Consider two users A & B, both are selecting the fields
“employee_number”. If user B adds new column “salary” to the same table, it
will not affect the user view level.
|
For
example: Changing the storage drive of the data base form “C” drive to “D” drive
will not affect the conceptual and view level as the new changes are absorbed
by the mapping technique.
|
The Simple-As-Possible (SAP)-1 computer is a very basic model of a microprocessor explained by Albert Paul Malvino. The SAP-1 design contains the basic necessities for a functional Microprocessor. Its primary purpose is to develop a basic understanding of how a microprocessor works, interacts with memory and other parts of the system like input and output. The instruction set is very limited and is simple. The features in SAP-1 computer are: W bus – A single 8 bit bus for address and data transfer. 16 Bytes memory (RAM) Registers are accumulator and B-register each of 8 bits. Program counter – initializes from 0000 to 1111 during program execution. Memory Address Register (MAR) to store memory addresses. Adder/ Subtracter for addition and subtraction instructions. A Control Unit A Simple Output. 6 machine state reserved for each instruction The instruction format of SAP-1 Computer is (XXXX) (XXXX) A Simple animation ...
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